LIBRARY  OF  THE  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY 

PRINCETON,  N.  J. 


Section vO  »..l\  ^  | 


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THE    PROPHECIES   OF   ISAIAH 


AN  OUTLINE  STUDY 

OF 

Isaiah's   Writings    in    their    Chronological    Order    in 

Connection   with   the   Contemporary 

Assyrio-Babylonian  Records 


MAXIMILIAN  LINDSAY  KELLNER,  M.  A. 

Assistant   Professor  of  the   Old   Testament   Languages   in   the 

Episcopal  Theological  School  in 

Cambridge 


CAMBRIDGE,  MASS. 
1895 


vi:':^ 


Copyright 

Max  Kellner 

1895 


Press  of  Graves  &  Henry 
Cambridge,  Mass. 


HELPS  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  ISAIAH. 

Cheyne,  Introduction  to  the  Book  of  Isaiah. 

Cheyne,  The  Prophecies  of  Isaiah. 

Delitzsch,  The  Prophecies  of  Isaiah. 

Dillmann,  Der  Prophet  Jesaia. 

Duhm,  Das  Buch  Jesaia. 

G.  A.  Smith,  The  Book  of  Isaiah. 

Comill,  Einleitung  in  das  Alte  Testament. 

Driver,  Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament. 

Driver,  Isaiah:  His  Life  and  Times. 

Sayce,  The  Life  and  Times  of  Isaiah. 

Cheyne's  article,  "  Isaiah,"  in  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica. 

Strachey,  Jewish  History  and  Politics  in  the  times  of  Sargon  and  Sennacherib. 

Schrader,  The  Cuneiform  Inscriptions  and  the  Old  Testament. 

Records  of  the  Past,  new  series. 


"  Ha !  Assyria,  the  rod  of  mine  anger,  and  the 
staff  in  whose  hand  is  mine  indignation  !  Against 
an  impious  nation  am  I  wont  to  send  him,  and 
against  the  people  of  my  wrath  to  give  him  a  charge 
to  take  spoil  and  to  seize  booty,  and  to  make  it  a 
trampling  like  mire  in  the  streets." 


THE  PROPHECIES  OF  ISAIAH. 


A.  INTRODUCTORY. 

I.  Isaiah's  Private  Life. 

i]     His  home  —  Jerusalem. 
2]     His  father — Amoz,  i:  i. 
3]     His  wife — "  the  projjhetess,"  viii :  3. 

4]     His  sons  —  bearing  like   their  father    names   which  were  ever- 
present  witnesses  of  the  prophecies  Isaiah  uttered,* cf.  viii:  18. 

a]  Shear-jashub,  vii:  3. 

b]  Maher-shalal-hash-baz,  viii :  3. 

5]     His  death  and  burial  —  as  transmitted  to  us  by  Jewish  tradition. 

II.  Isaiah's  Public  Life  :    Sources  of  Information. 

A.  Biblical. 

i]     The  prophet's  own  writings. 

2]     Those  of  his  younger  contemporary,  Micah. 

3]     The  historical  books  of  the  Kings  and  the  Chronicles. 

B.  Extra-biblical. 

i]     The  literary  remains  of  contemporary  Assyrian  kings,  which 

a]  Describe  the  same  events  from  a  different  standpoint. 

b]  Furnish  valuable  details  not  given  by  the  biblical  writers. 

c]  Throw  light  on  many  chronological  difficulties. 

d]  Give  an  insight  into  the  Semitic  life  and  thought  of  the 

age. 
2]     The  monuments  of  Egypt,  which  are  valuable  for  tlie  same 

reasons,  but  in  a  less  degree. 
3]     The  Jewish  historian  Josephus,  cf.  Antiq.  Jud.   IX.  xi.  2  — 

X.  iii.  I. 

III.  The  Make-up  of  the  Book. 

i]     It  is  a  collection  of  sermons. 

2]     The  system  on  which  they  are  arranged  is  not  a  chronological 

one. 
3]     What  system  governed  in  the  arrangement  is  difficult  to  determine. 
4]     Some  of  the  sermons  embodied  in  the  collection  are  not  by  Isaiah, 
5]     Isaiah  must  have  preached  many  sermons  which  have  not  been 

preserved  to  us. 
6]     Some  of  those  preserved  in  this  collection  are  mere  fragments. 
7]     The  historical  background  of  the  sermons,  thanks  to  the  historical 

books  of  the  Bible  and  the  monuments  of  Assyria  and  Egypt, 

is  for  the  most  part  easily  determined. 

*  Isaiah  =  The  salvation  of  Yahwe;    Shear-jashub  =  A  remnant  shall  return;    Maher-shalal- 
hash-baz  =  The  spoil  speedeth,  the  prey  hasteth. 


IV.  The  Most  Scientific  Plan  of  Study  to  Follow. 

i]     A  consideration  of  the  sermons  in  their  chronological  sequence. 

2]     From  the  point  of  view  of  the  historical  connection. 

3]     With  a  careful  estimate  of  the  extra-biblical  contemporary  records. 

V.  Kings  on  the  Throne  during  Isaiah's  Activity, 
i]     In  Judah. 

a]     Uzziah  (Azariah),       circa  790-740  B.  C. 


b]     Jotham, 

740-73S- 

c]     Ahaz  (Jehoahaz), 

735-715- 

d]     Hezekiah, 

715-686. 

In  Israel. 

a]     Menahem, 

745-737  B.  C. 

b]     Pekahiah, 

737-735- 

c]     Pekah. 

735-733- 

d]     Hoshea, 

733-722. 

End  of  the  Kingdom  of  Israel  in  723  B.  C. 
3]     In  Ass)Tia. 

a]  Tiglath  Pileser  III  (Pul).  745-727  B.  C. 

b]  Shalmaneser  IV,  727-722. 

c]  Sargon,  722-705. 

d]  Sennacherib,  705-681. 
4]     In  Egypt. 

a]  Shabak. 

b]  Shabatak. 

c]  Tirhakah. 

VI.  The  Political  Parties  in  Jerusalem  during  Isaiah's  Activity. 
i]     The  Assyrian  party  and  its  policy. 

2]     The  Egyptian  party  and  its  policy. 
3]     The  National  party  and  its  policy. 

VII.  Important  Events  during  Isaiah's  Activity.* 
740.     Isaiah's  Consecration,  Is.  \"i. 

Arpad  taken  by  Tiglath  Pileser  III  of  Assyria,  C.  I.+  i  :  214. 
Death  of  Uzziah  of  Judah  and  accession  of  Jotham,  2  Kings 
XV :   7  ;  cf.  C.  I.  I  :  217. 
739.     Hamath  taken  by  the  Ass)-rians,  C  I.  i  :  209-214. 
738.     Calno  taken  by  the  Ass}Tians,  cf.  Is.  x :  9. 

Menahem  of  Israel  renders  tribute  to  Pul  (Tiglath  Pileser)  2 
Kings  xv:  19;  C.  I.  I  :  219  f.,  244-245. 
735.     Syro-Israelitish  alliance  formed. 

Accession  of  Ahaz  of  Judah,  2  Kings  xv  :  38. 
The  plot  of  Rezin  and  Pekah  to  depose  Ahaz  and  place  on  the 
throne  a  certain  Ben-Tabeel,  Is.  \-ii:  1-6. 


•  A  translation  of  all  the  Assyrian  historical  inscriptions  here  referred  to  will   be  found  on 
pages  30-36. 
t  Schrader,  The  Coneifonn  Inscriptions  and  the  Old  Testament. 


The  ineffectual  campaign  against  Jerusalem,  2  Kings  xvi :  5; 

Is.  vii :  I . 
The  Syrian  troops  capture  Elath,  expel  the  Judeans,  and  restore 

it  to  the  Edomites,  2  Kings  xvi;  6;  cf.  2  Kings  xiv :  22. 
The  Israelite  troops  ravage  the  Judean  territory  and  carry  off 

many  prisoners,  2  Chron.  xxviii :  6-8. 
Moab  and  Ammon  sympathize  with  Syria-Israel  in  the  attack 

upon  Judah,  C.  I.  i  :  249. 
The  Edomites,  who   have  declared   themselves  independent, 

make  raids  into  Judah,  2  Chron.  xxviii :  17. 
The  Philistines  also  declare  themselves  independent  and  seize 

certain  cities  on  Judah's  southern  frontier,  2  Chron.  xxviii: 

18. 
Ahaz  calls  upon  Tiglath  Pileser  of  Assyria  for  protection  from 

his  foes,  2  Kings  xvi:    7-8;    2  Chron.  xxviii :    16;   C.  I.  I  : 

255- 
734-732.     King  Tiglath  Pileser  III,  in  Syria-Palestine. 

In  Syria:  Tiglath  Pileser  victorious  in  the  open  field;  Damas- 
cus left  under  siege,  C.  I.  i  :  254. 

In  North  Israel:  Tiglath  Pileser  in  734  B.  C.  "took  Ijon,  and 
Abel-beth-maachah,  and  Janoah,  and  Kedesh,  and  Hazor, 
and  Gilead,  and  Galilee,  all  the  land  of  Naphtali,  and  carried 
them  captive  to  Assyria,"  2  Kings  xv :  29 ;  cf.  Is.  ix :  i  ; 
C.I.  l:   247. 

Moab  and  Ammon  punished,  C.  I.  i  :  249. 

The  Philistines  punished,  C.  I.  i  :  249,  254. 

Tiglath  Pileser  again  in  Israel :  King  Pekah  conspired  against 
by  his  servants.  Assassinated  by  an  Assyrian  sympathizer, 
Hoshea  the  son  of  Elah,  who  is  appointed  by  Tiglath  Pileser 
to  the  vacant  throne,  2  Kings  xv:  30;  C.  I.  i  :  248,  251. 

The  Edomites  punished,  C.  I.  i  :  249. 

Samsi,  queen  of  North  Arabia,  punished  for  taking  part  in  the 
rebellion  against  Assyria,  C.  I.  i  :  248,  254. 
732.     Damascus,  after  a  two  years'  siege,  now  stripped  of  her  allies, 
falls.      End  of  the  Kingdom  of  Syria,  2  Kings  xvi :  9 ;   Is. 
xvii :  I. 

Tiglath  Pileser's  court  at  Damascus:  King  Ahaz  (Jehoahaz)  of 
Judah  among  the  numerous  subject  princes  who  gather  there 
to  do  him  obeisance,  2  Kings  xvi:  10;  C.  I.  i  :  249. 
727.     Accession  of  Shalmaneser  IV  of  Assyria. 

Hoshea  tributary  to  Tiglath  Pileser's  successor  Shalmaneser, 
2  Kings  xvii :  3. 

Hoshea  conspires  with  Shabak  (So)  of  Egypt  and  Phoenicia 
[see  below]  to  throw  off  the  Assyrian  yoke,  2  Kings  xvii : 
4;  cf.  Hoseavii:   11  ;  xii:  i. 


That  the  Phoenicians  took  part  in  the  revolt  is  stated  by 
Menander  quoted  by  Josephus  (Antiq.  Jud.  IX.  xiv.  2). 
Tyre  was  besieged  for  five  years  by  Shalmaneser-Sargon, 
Is.  xxiii. 
724.  Shalmaneser  falls  suddenly  upon  Hoshea  and  takes  him  pris- 
oner. His  capital,  Samaria,  placed  under  siege,  2  Kings 
xvii:  4,  5. 
722.     Death  of  Shalmaneser  and  accession  of  Sargon. 

Fall  of  Samaria  after  a  three  years'  siege  and  end  of  the  King- 
dom of  Israel,  2  Kings  xvii:  6;  C.  I.  i  :  264-266. 
Israelite  captives,  to  the  number  of  27,290  only,  deported  and 
settled  in  "  Halah,  and  in  Habor,  on  the  river  of  Gozan,  and 
in  the  cities  of  the  Medes,"  2  Kings  xvii :  6,  23. 
Later  on  (in  721,  715,  etc.)  Sargon  "brought  men  from  Baby- 
lon, and  from  Cuthah,  and  from  Avva,  and  from  Hamath 
and  Sepharvaim,  and  placed  them  in  the  cities  of  Samaria 
instead  of  the  children  of  Israel,  2  Kings  xvii :  24  ;  C.  I.  i  : 
268  f. 
720.     Hamath  taken  by  Sargon,  C.  I.  2  :  7-S. 

Battle  of  Raphia ;  great  defeat  by  Sargon  of  Egyptians  under 
Shabak,  C.  I.  2:88. 
717.     Carchemish  taken  by  Sargon,  C.  I.  2  :  7. 
715.     Accession  of  Hezekiah  of  Judah,  cf.  2  Kings  xviii:  1-2,  9-10, 

13- 
713-712.     Hezekiah's  illness  and  the  embassy  of  Merodach  lialadan  of 
Babylon,  2  Kings  xx;   Is.  xxxviii-xxxix. 
C.  712.     Accession  of  Shabatak  of  Egypt. 

Shabatak  tries  to  confederate  the  princes   of   Syria- Palestine 
against  Assyria. 
711.     Siege  and  capture  of  Ashdod  by  troops  of  Sargon,  cf.  Is.  xx  : 
I  ;  C.  I.  2:  7,  89-94,  98. 
Shabatak  sues  for  peace.     Jerusalem  is  not  molested,  having 
probably  soon  repented  of  her  rebellion. 
710.     Sargon  defeats  Merodach  Baladan  and  enters  Babylon. 
705.     Accession  of  Sennacherib  of  Assyria. 

Coalition   formed    against    Sennacherib    by    Egypt,    Phoenicia, 
Philistia,  and  Judah,  C.  I.  i  :  278  ff. 
704.     Sennacherib's  subjugation  of  Babylon  :  Merodach  Baladan  flees 

to  the  swamps  of  lower  Chaldea,  C.  I.  2  :  31. 
701.     Sennacherib's  campaign  in  the  West.     2  Kings  xviii :  13-xix: 
37  ;  Is.  xxxvi-xxxvii. 

Sidon  captured  and  neighboring  cities,  C.  I.  i  :  284. 
Ashkelon  captured  and  neighboring  cities,  C.  I.  i  :  284. 
Near  Eltekeh.     Battle  with  the  allies  from  Egypt.     Senna- 
cherib victorious,  C.  I.  i  :  2S5. 

8 


Ekron  punished,  C.  I.  i :  285. 

Sennacherib  moves  on  to  Lachish,  C.  I.  i  :  280. 
Judah  in  the  meantime  has  been  ravaged  and  Jerusalem 
invested,  C.  I.i  :  286. 
The  surrender  of  the  city  is  demanded  by   Sennacherib, 

Is.  xxxvi-xxxvii. 
Hezekiah  tenders  him  his  submission  at  Lachish,  2  Kings 
xviii:  14-15  ;    C.  I.  i  :  280. 
Tirhakah  of  Ethiopia  approaches  in  person  at  the  head  of 
an  army.  Is.  xxxvii:  9a. 
Either  Sennacherib's  army  was  so  sorely  smitten  with 
pestilence  in  the  swampy  northeast  corner  of  the 
Egyptian  Delta,  that  he  dared  not  venture  a  meet- 
ing with  Tirhakah 's  forces.  Is.  xxxvii :  36, 
Or  rumors  of  disturbances  in  Babylonia  suddenly  called 
Sennacherib  home,  C.  I.  i  :  310. 
700.     Sennacherib's  subjugation  of  Babylon;    Bel-ibni  deposed  and 
carried  off  to   Assyria ;     Sennacherib's  son,   Asshur-nadin- 
shum,  placed  on  the   throne,  Babylonian  Chronicle,  Col.  ii : 
26-31. 
68 1.     Sennacherib's  death  at  the  hands  of  his  sons    Adrammelech 
and  (Nergal-jSharezer  while  worshiping  in  the  temple  of  his 
god   Nusku*,    2   Kings  xix :    37;    Is.  xxxvii :   38;    2  Chron. 
xxxii :  21  ;   Babylonian  Chronicle,  Coi.  iii :  28-38. 

THE    MATERIAL. 

I.     The  Book  of  Isaiah  Falls  Naturally  into  Three  Divisions  : 

1.  The  Collected  Prophecies  of  I  Isaiah,  I-XXXV. 

A.  "  Concerning  Judah  and  Jerusalem,"  i-xii. 

B.  Utterances  on  foreign  nations,  xiii-xxiii. 

C.  Not  forming  properly  a  collection  by  itself  before  union  with 

i-xxiii,  xxiv-xxxv. 

i]  An  apocalypse  made  up  of  a  number  of  pieces;  un- 
Isaianic,  xxiv-xxvii. 

2]  Hezekiah's  revolt  from  Assyria  and  Sennacherib's  inva- 
sion of  Palestine,  704-701,  xxviii-xxxi. 

3]  Eschatologic  prophecies  on  the  restoration  of  Israel ; 
un-Isaianic,  xxxii-xxxv. 

2.  An  Historical  Extract  from  2  Kings  xviii:  13-xx:  19,  XXXVI- 

XXXIX. 
Appended  by  the  compiler  of  the  Prophecies  of  Isaiah  as  con- 
taining valuable  material  bearing  on  Isaiah's  prophetic  work. 

3.  The  Prophecies  of  the  Restoration, —  II  Isaiah, —  XL-LXVI. 


•In  2  Kings  by  a  scribal  error  a  Hebrew  wau  has  become  a  resh,  /.  e.,  Nswk  (Nusuk)  has 
become  Nsrk  (Nisrok). 


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III.     The  Prophecies  in  Chronological  Order. 

1.  VI.     Isaiah's  Call  to  the  Prophetic  Ofifice,  740. 

2.  II-IV.     Sermons   delivered   between   740-735.     ii:    i   is   a   general 

superscription  by  a  later  editor;  ii:  22  is  un-Isaianic ;  and  ii :  2- 
4  and  iv :  2-6  are  post-Exilic. 

3.  V:  1-24;  25;  IX  :  7  (8)-X :  4;  V:  26-30.     Sermons  delivered  at  the 

beginning  of  the  reign  of  Ahaz,  735.  v:  15  is  an  editorial  gloss, 
and  25  is  mainly  editorial. 

4.  VII.     Isaiah's  interview  with  Ahaz  and  the  "  Immanuel  "  sign,  734. 

5.  VIII:  i-IX:  6  (7).     "  Maher-shalal-hash-baz,"  734. 

6.  XVII:  i-ii.     The  Impending  Ruin  of  Syria  and  Israel,  734. 

7.  XXIII.     An  Utterance  on  Tyre,  c.  725.     Vs.   13,  editorially  recast ; 

15-18,  un-Isaianic  and  late. 

8.  XXVIII :  1-6  (a  fragment).     The  Fall  of  Israel's  Capital,  723. 

9.  XXXVIII-XXXIX  (inserted  from  2  Kings  xx).     Hezekiah's  Illness 

and  the  Embassy  of  Merodach  Baladan  of  Babylon,  713-713. 

10.  XV-XVI.     A    Pre-Isaianic  Utterance  on   the  Defeat  of  Moab  by 

Jeroboam  II  in  Uzziah's  reign.  To  this  quotation  Isaiah  adds  an 
epilogue,  xvi :  13-14,  prophesying  Moab's  speedy  humiliation  (by 
Sargon  of  Assyria),  71 2-71 1. 

11.  XXI:  11-12.     A  Pre-Isaianic  Utterance  on  Edom  made  use  of  by 

Isaiah,  712-71 1. 

12.  XXI:  13-17.     A   Pre-Isaianic   Utterance  on  Arabia  made  use  of  by 

Isaiah,  71 2-71 1. 

13.  XX.     "Thus  hath  it  gone  with  (Egypt)  our  expectation,"  711. 

14.  XIV:  28-32.     An  Utterance  on  Philistia,  705. 

15.  XXVIII :  7-29.     A  Woe  on  the  Sinners  of  Jerusalem,  704. 

16.  XXIX  :  1-14.     The  Impending  Fate  of  Ariel,  703. 

17.  XXIX:    15;    XXX:    1-17;    XXXI.     Utterances  on  the  Egyptian 

Alliance,  703-702.  .xxix :  16-24;  xxx:  18-26,  27-33  ^""^  post- 
Exilic  insertions. 

18.  XXII:  15-25.     A    Prophecy   against    Shebna,    the   leader    of    the 

Egyptian  party,  before  701.     Vss.  24-25  are  a  later  addition. 

19.  X:    5-15;     XIV:    24-27;     X:     16-XI:    9.      Prophecies     against 

Assyria's  Arrogance,  701. 

20.  I:  5-31.     The   Land  a  Desolation,  701.     Vss.  2-4  are  an  editorial 

addition  of  uncertain  date ;  and  i  is  the  heading  the  compiler  of 
i-xxxv  put  to  his  book. 

21.  XVII:  12-14.     The  City  Besieged,  701. 

22.  XVIII.     The  Anxiety  of  Ethiopia  at  the  Crisis,  701. 

23.  XXII:  1-14.     The  Siege  Raised,  701. 

24.  XXXVI-XXXVII  (inserted  from  2  Kings  xviii :  13-xix  :  37).     Sen- 

nacherib's Campaign  in  the  West, —  the  Siege  of  Jerusalem,  701. 


Isaiah's  Call  to  the  Prophetic  Office,  VI. 

a]  The  political  condition  of  Judah  at  the  time. 

b]  The  Immediate  circumstances  of  the  call. 

c]  The  Theophany,  t-4. 

d]  Its  effect  upon  Isaiah — •  sense  of  uncleanness,  5. 

e]  Purification,  6-7. 

f]  Isaiah  conscious  of  his  call,  8. 

g]  The  divine  commission,  9-10. 
h]     Its  extent,  11-13. 

i]     The  date  of  Isaiah's  committing  the  vision  to  writing,  c.  735. 
The  Sermons  in  II-IV. 

a]  The  general  editorial  superscription,  ii :  i . 

b]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  740-735. 
[A  post-Exilic  insertion,  2-4.] 

c]  Humiliation  in  punishment  for  the  people's  idolatry,  5-1 1. 
i]     Upon  nature  and  inanimate  objects,  12-21. 

[Verse  22  is  un-Isaianic] 
2]     Upon  the  men, —  the  rulers  and  oppressors  of  Judah,  ill:  r-15. 
3]     Upon  the  women, —  the  thoughtless  devotees  of  lu.xury,  t6-iv  :  i. 

[A  post-Exilic  insertion,  2-6.] 
The  Sermons  in  V:  1-24;   25;  IX:  7(S)-X  :  4;  V:  26-30. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  735. 

b]  The  parable  of  the  vineyard,  v  :  1-7. 

c]  The  wild  grapes  of  the  vineyard  of  Judah  are   the  national  sins  of 

Judah,  which  the  prophet  specifies  in  a  series  of  woes,  S-24. 
Sins  of  the  senses, — 
i]     The  pitiless  greed  of  the  rich  for  land,  S. 

The  woe  :  the  land  shall  be  desolate,  9-10,  17. 
2]     Their  luxury  and  self-indulgence,  1 1-12. 
The  woe:  captivity  "unawares,"  13-14. 
[Verse  15  is  an  editorial  gloss.] 
Sins  of  the  intellect, — 

3]     Their  moral  perversity  and  taunting  unbelief,  18-19. 
4]     Their  perverted  ethical  theories,  20. 
5]     Their  confidence  in  their  own  wisdom,  21. 
6]     Their  judicial  corruption,  22-23. 

The  woe  upon  them  because  of  these  last  four  sins  of  the  in- 
tellect :     a    fierce,    swiftly-advancing,    all-embracing    and 
complete  destruction,  24. 
[Verse  25  is  mainly  editorial ;    it  was  designed  by  the  editor  to 
link  V:  1-24  with  IX:  7-X :  4  and  V:  26-30.] 

d]  A  series  of  judgments  have  been  sent  already,  but  with  no  effect :  — 
i]     Invasion  and  desolation  of  territory  in  Israel,  ix  :  7(S)-i  1(12). 

2]     War  and  defeat,  I2(i3)-i6(i7). 

3]     Civil  strife,  I7(i8)-20(2i). 

4]      Threat  of  captivity  or  death,  x:  1-4. 

e]  The  great  judgment  will  now  come, —  Assyria,  v  :  26-30. 


Interview  with  Ahaz:     "If  ye  do  not  confide,  verily  ye  shall  not  abide," 
VII. 

a]  The  heading   to   the   chapter:    the   circumstances  and  date  of   the 

interview,  734,  1-2. 

b]  The  account  of  the  interview,  3-17. 
i]     The  boy  Shear-jashub,  3. 

2]     The  prophetic  message,  4-1 1. 

3]     Ahaz's  reception  of  it,  12. 

4]     The  sign  offered :  Immanu-El,  13-14. 

5]     The  connection  of  the  sign  with  Assyria,  15-17. 

c]  The  coming  of  Assyria:  an  expansion  of  vs.  17,  18-25. 

"  Maher-shalal-hash-baz,"  VIII :  i-IX  :  6(7). 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  734. 

b]  The  tablet  inscribed  Maher-shalal-hash-baz,  viii :  1-2. 

c]  The  child  named  Maher-shalal-hash-baz   and    the  sign   attached  to 

him,  3-4. 

d]  Assyria  will  surely  come,  but  "God  is  with  us,"  5-10. 

e]  Fear  not  what  this  people  fear;  hold  Yahwe  in  awe,  and  he  will  prove 

your  sanctuary,  11-15. 

f]  The  prophet  prays  that  his  message   may  be  fixed  in  the  hearts  of 

his  hearers  and  accomplish  its  purpose.  He  expresses  his  own 
trust  in  Yahwe's  promises,  of  which  he  and  his  children  are  signs, 
16-18. 

g]  His  warning  to  his  hearers  not  to  resort   to   necromancers,  but  "  to 

the  instruction  and  testimony"  of  Yahwe,  19-20. 
"And  when   they  say  to  you.  Inquire  of  the  necromancers  and 
wizards  that  chirp  and  mutter  (Should  not  a  people  inquire  of  its 
god, —  of  the  dead  in  behalf  of  the  living?),  then   'to  the  instruction 
and  testimony '  [do  ye  have  recourse].     If  they  speak  not  according 
to  this  watchword  [t.  e.,  'to  the  instruction  and  testimony'],  it  is  be- 
cause for  them  there  is  no  dawn." 
h]     The  horrors  of  the  devastating  war  in  North  Israel;    the  Assyrian 
king,  Tiglath  Pileser   III,  has  carried  the  tribes  of   Zebulun  and 
Naphtali  into  captivity,  21-223;  cf.  2  Kings  xv :  19-20. 
i]     The  day  will  come  when  the  aftiicted  land  of  Zebulun  and  Naphtali 

shall  again  be  exalted,  22b-ix:  2(3). 
j]     The  rod  of  their  oppressor  shall  be  broken,  3(4)-4(5). 
k]     The  Messianic  king  is  to  be  born,  who  will  prove  himself 

r  "  For  unto  us  a  child  is  born  .  .  .  for 
the  increase  of  the  dominion  and  for 
endless  peace  upon  the  throne  of  David 
and  upon  his  kingdom,  in  order  to  estab- 
lish it  and  uphold  it  with  judgment  and 
with  righteousness,  from  henceforth 
even  forever,"  5(6)-6(7). 


16 


A  wonderful  counsellor. 
A  God-hero. 
An  everlasting  father. 
A  prince  of  peace. 


-l 


The  Impending  Ruin  of  Syria  and  Israel,  XVII:  i-ii. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  734. 

b]  Syria  shall  be  utterly  wasted,  1-3. 

c]  Israel  shall  also  be  made  thin  like 
i]     An  emaciated  body,  4. 

2]     A  harvest-field  stripped  of  its  crop,  5. 
3]     A  beaten  olive-tree,  6. 

d]  Yet  a  "remnant"  shall  be  left,  who  shall  look  unto  Yahwe,  6-8. 

e]  A  picture  of  the  desolate  condition  of  the  land  brought  about  by 

Israel's   forgetfulness   of    Yahwe   and    her    adoption    of    foreign 
cults,  9-1 1. 

An  Utterance  on  Tyre,  XXIII. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  c.  725. 

i]  When  Tiglath  Pileser  III  first.appeared  in  the  West  in  743  the 
Phoenicians  offered  him  their  submission  and  became  tribute- 
payers  to  Assyria,  C.  I.  i:  242-245. 

2]  According  to  the  statement  of  the  Tyrian  historian  Menander,  in 
a  fragment  preserved  to  us  by  Josephus,  EIula;us,  king  of 
Tyre  and  suzerain  of  Phoenicia,  revolted  from  Assyria,  Antiq. 
Jud.  IX.  xiv.  2. 

3]  Hereupon,  according  to  Menander,  Shalmaneser  IV  besieged 
Tyre  by  sea  and  land  for  five  years,  727-722, —  it  would  seem 
unsuccessfully. 

4]  The  siege  was  brought  to  an  end,  either  by  Shalmaneser  with- 
drawing his  forces  to  engage  in  the  investment  of  the  city  of 
Samaria,  or  by  the  change  of  dynasty  upon  Shalmaneser's 
death. 

b]  The  Phoenician  merchantmen  returning  from  the  colony  of  Tarshish 

in   Spain   are  greeted  in   Cyprus   (Chittim)  with   the   tidings  that 
Tyre  has  fallen,  1-5,  14. 

c]  Let  the  Tyrians  emigrate  to  Tarshish,  6-7. 

d]  It  is  Yahwe  who  has  brought  this  disgrace  upon  Tyre,  8-9. 

e]  The    Tyrian    colonists    also    shall    be   emancipated, —  Cyprus    shall 

refuse  to  receive  the  fugitives,  10-12. 
[Although  vs.  13  seems  to  have  been  originally  Isaianic,  in  its  present 
form  it  is  late,  having  been  recast  to  accord  with  the  editor's   ideas  of 
the  application  of    the   prophecy.     Verses  15-18   are  un-Isaianic   and 
late.] 

The  Fall  of  Israel's  Capital,  XXVIII :  1-6  (a  fragment). 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  723. 

b]  The  woe  against  Samaria  because  of  her  debauchery,  i . 

c]  Yahwe's  swift  storm  will  dash   garlands  and  pampered  bodies  alike 

into  the  mire,  2-4. 

d]  Yet  a  "  remnant  "  shall  outlive  that  storm,  to  whom  Yahwe  of  hosts 

shall  be  for  a  crown  of  glory,  5-6. 


Hezekiah's  Illness  and  the  Embassy  of  Merodach  Baladan  of  Babylon, 
XXXVIII-XXXIX.  . 

[In  incorporating  2  Kings  xx  into  his  collection  of  the  Prophecies  of 
Isaiah,  the  compiler  considerably  abridged  verses  i-n  in  xxxviu : 
1-8.  He  also  introduced  the  "  Song  of  Hezekiah  "  from  some 
other  source,- perhaps  some  collection  of  such  traditionally- 
ascribed  psalms  in  use  in  his  own  day.] 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  713-7 '2. 

b]  Hezekiah  sick  unto  death  :     "  Set  thy  house  in  order ;  for  thou  shalt 

die,"  I. 

c]  Hezekiah's  prayer,  2-3. 

d]  Yahwe's  answer:     «' I  will  add  unto  thy  days  fifteen  years,    4-5- 

e]  Deliverance  from  the  oppression  of  Assyria  also  promised,  6-8. 

f]  The  Song  of  Hezekiah,  9-20. 

g]  Hezekiah's  recovery,  21-22. 

h]     Merodach  Baladan  of  Babylon  sends  letters  and  a  present  to  Heze- 
kiah ostensibly  to  congratulate  him  on  this  recovery,  xxxix :  i. 
i]     The  real  object  of  "  the   Babylonian  patriot  "  was  to  provide  himself 
with  allies  in  his  resistance  of  Sargon  of  Assyria ;  cf.  C.  I.  2 :  23  f. 
j]     Hezekiah  listens  to  his  messengers  and  shows  them  the  resources  of 

his  kingdom,  2-3. 
k]     Isaiah's  rebuke  of  Hezekiah,  4. 
1]     Prophecy  of  captivity  to  Babylon,  5-8. 
).     A  Pre-Isaianic  Utterance  on  Moab  quoted  by  Isaiah,  XV-XVI. 
A      A  Pre-Isaianic  Utterance  on  the  defeat  of  Moab,  xv-xvi:  12. 

al     The  date  and  historical  circumstances  :     The  invasion   of   Moab 
by   Jeroboam  II   of  Israel,  who,  we  are    told,   "restored   the 
borders  of  Israel  from   the  entering  in  of  Hamath    unto  the 
Sea  of  the  Arabah  {/.  e.,  Dead  Sea),"  2  Kings  xiv :  25. 
bl     The  attack  on  Moab,  xv. 

c]  The  Moabite  fugitives  urged  to  take  refuge  in  Judah,  who  will 

act  the  friend  to  them,  xvi :  1-5. 

d]  Mourn  for  Moab,  for  she  shall  be  utterly  wasted,  6-1 2. 
B.     The  Epilogue  by  Isaiah,  xvi:  13-14- 

al  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  7 1 2-7  "  =  The  Moabites 
are  mentioned  by  Sargon  under  the  date  7"  as  revolting: 
"The  people  of  Philistia,  Judah,  Edom  and  Moab,  dwelling 
beside  the  sea,  bringing  tribute  and  presents  to  Asshur,  my 
lord  who  plotted  revolt  and  treason,  who  to  incite  him  agamst 
me  unto  Pharaoh,  king  of  Egypt,  a  prince  who  could  not 
save  them,  their  presents  carried  and  besought  his  alliance, 

etc. 

b]  Isaiah  recognizes  the  old  oracle  as  from  Yahwe,  13. 

c]  Within  three  vears  Moab  shall  be  humiliated.  14- 

„.     A  Pre-Isaianic  Utterance  on  Edom  made  use  of  by  Isaiah,  XXI :  11-12. 
a]     The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  7 1 2-7 1 1 . 

18 


b]  The  voice  from  Seir,  ii. 

c]  The  answer:     The  worst  is  yet  to  come,  12. 

12.  A  Pre-Isaianic  Utterance  on  Arabia  made  use  of  by  Isaiah,  XXI:  13-17. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  712-711. 

b]  The  fleeing  Dedanites  told  to  take  refuge  in  the  thickets,  13. 

c]  The  inhabitants  of  Tema  urged  to  furnish  the  fugitives  with  drink 

and  food,  14. 

d]  Their  flight  was  before  the  invaders  of  their  land,  15. 

e]  The  worst  is  yet  to  come,  16-17. 

13.  "Thus  hath  it  gone  with  our  expectation,"  XX. 

a]  The  circumstances  and  date, —  the  siege  of  Ashdod,  711,  i. 

b]  The  command  to  the  prophet  to  appear  in  the  symbolical  garb*  of  a 

captive,  "naked  and  barefoot,"  2. 

c]  The   significance    of    Isaiah's    act :     Egypt  shall    be    led    captive  to 

Assyria,  3-4. 

d]  Judah's  dismay  at  the  fate  of  "Ethiopia  her  expectation  and  Egypt 

her  glory  ";  "And  Judah,  how  shall  she  escape  ?  "  5-6. 

14.  An  Utterance  on  Philistia,  XIV:  28-32. 

a]  Circumstances  and  date, —  the  death  of  Sargon,  705,  cf.  28. 

b]  Philistia's  messengers  to  Jerusalem  exhorted  not  to  rejoice  at  this 

event,  29a,  cf.  32. 

c]  "  For  out  of  the  serpent's  root  [i.  e.,  Sargon]  shall  come  forth  an 

adder  [/.  e.,  Sennacherib],"  29b. 

d]  Sennacherib's  armies  will  shortly  appear  in  the  north,  31. 

e]  The  faithful  in  Jerusalem,  however,  need  have  no  fear :     "  Yahwe 

hath  founded  Zion,  and  in  her  shall  the  afllicted  of  his  people  take 
refuge,"  32. 

15.  A  Woe  on  the  Sinners  of  Jerusalem,  XXVIII:  7-29. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  704. 

b]  Drunkenness  is  seen  on  every  hand, —  even  priest  and  prophet  are 

guilty  of  it,  7-8. 

c]  The  false  prophets'  drunken  derision  bf  Isaiah's  words,  9-10. 

d]  Isaiah's  retort,  11-13. 

e]  His  denunciation  of  the  leaders  of  the  popular  thought   in   Jeru- 

salem, 14-22. 

f]  His  encouragement  of  his  own  followers  by  means  of  a  parable,  23-29. 

16.  The  Impending  Fate  of  Ariel,  XXIX  :  1-14. 

a]  The    circumstances  and  date:    Within    a   year    Jerusalem    shall   be 

besieged,  703,  1-4. 

b]  But  her  foes  shall  be  scattered  in  an  instant  like  so  much  dust  or 

chaff,  5. 

c]  They  shall  be  in  the  day  of  Yahwe's  visitation,  6, 

i]     Like  a  passing  dream,  in  the  suddenness  of  their  departure,  7. 
2]     Like  one  who  dreams  of  eating  and  drinking,  in    their  disap- 
pointed expectations,  8. 


♦Other  symbolical  acts,  I  Sam.  XV :  27;  i  Kings  xi ;  30,  xxii :  11;  Jer.  xxviii:  10;  Ezek.  xii:  1-7, 


d]  By  reason  of  their  spiritual  blindness  this  parable  seems  to  Isaiah's 

hearers  as  a  sealed  book,  9-12. 

e]  Because   of  their  formalism   and   empty  observance   of  the  external 

ceremonial,  13. 

f]  Yahwe  will   deal   "  wonderfully  "  with  them, —  their  trust  shall  come 

to  nought,  14. 

17.  Utterances  on  the  Egyptian  Alliance,  XXIX  :  15;    XXX  :  1-17  ;  XXXI. 

A.  The  First  Utterance,  xxix :  15  (a  fragment). 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  703. 

b]  A  denunciation  of  the  crafty  methods  pursued  by  the  Egyptian 

party  in  Jerusalem,  15. 

B.  The  Second  Utterance,  xxx:  1-17. 

a]     The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  703. 

b      The  folly  of  the  embassy  already  on  its  way  to  Egypt,  1-2. 

c]  A    picture   of   the   advance   of  the  embassy   bearing  rich   gifts 

through  the  desert  to  the  Egyptian  court,  4-6. 

d]  Their  trust  in    the  shadow  of   Egypt  shall  be   their  confusion, 

7.  cf.  3. 

e]  Isaiah  orders  his  prophecy  of  judgment  placed  on  record,  8. 

f]  Since   they  are  a  headstrong  people,  refusing   to  listen  to  the 

truth,  9-1 1. 

g]  Therefore  this  their  foolhardy  trust  in  Egypt  shall  prove  their 

shame,  12-17. 

C.  The  Third  Utterance,  xxxi. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  702. 

b]  Woe   to  those  who   trust  in  Egypt  and   in   human  aid  in   this 

crisis,  1-2. 

c]  When   Yahwe   shall  stretch   out   his  hand  "he    that  helpeth  " 

(Egypt)  and  "  he  that  is  holpen  "  (Judah)  shall  fail  together,  3. 

d]  In  that  day  Yahwe  shall  appear 

i]  Upon  Mt.  Zion,  to  fight  for  his  holy  mountain, —  like  a  lion 
undismayed  at  the  voice  of  a  multitude  of  shepherds,  4. 

2]  Over  Mt.  Zion,  to  protect  his  holy  mountain, —  hovering 
over  it  as  a  bird,  5. 

e]  Turn  ye  unto  Yahwe,  from  whom  ye  have  revolted,  for  in  that 

day  all  idols  will  be  powerless  to  help  you,  6-7. 

f]  For  it  is  not  the  sword  of  men  that  shall   vanquish   the  Assyrian 

in   that  day,  but   the   might  of  Yahwe  "whose  fire  is  in  Zion 
and  his  furnace  in  Jerusalem,"  8-9. 
[Note:     xxix:  16-24;  xxx:  18-26,  27-33  ^""^  post-Exilic  insertions] 

18.  A  Prophecy  against    Shebna,  the  leader  of  the   Egyptian   party,  XXII: 

15-25- 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date, —  before  701. 

b]  The  vizier  Shebna,  an  unfamilied  foreigner  (probably  a  Syrian),  who, 

after  the  custom  of  the  time,  had  been  trying  to  establish  himself 
at  Jerusalem  by  hewing  himself  a  sepulchre,  shall  be  thrust  from 
his  post  and  banished  from  the  country  in  disgrace,  15-19. 


c]     Eliakim,  a  man  of  more  approved  political  views,  will   be  his  suc- 
cessor in  office,  20-23. 
[Verses  24-25  are  a  later  addition.] 

19.  Prophecies   against    Assyria's    Arrogance,  X:  5-15;     XIV:  24-27;     X: 

16-XI:  9. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  701. 

b]  Assyria  has  been  only  Yahwe's  instrument  of  destruction,  x  :  5-6. 

c]  "Ilowbeit   his  heart  does  not   think  so."     "As  my  hand,"  he  says, 

"  has  found  the  kingdoms  of  the  idols,  whose  graven  images  did 
excel  those  of  Jerusalem  ;  shall  I  not,  as  I  have  done  unto  Samaria 
and  her  idols,  so  do  to  Jerusalem  and  her  idols  .'  "  7-1 1. 

d]  Therefore  when  Yahwe  has  finished  using  Assyria  to  chastise  Jeru- 

salem, he  will  punish  the  proud  heart  of  the  Assyrian  king,  12-15. 

e]  To  overwhelm  Assyria  in  Judah  is  Yahwe's  purpose,  xiv  :  24-253 . 

f]  Then  shall  Assyria's  yoke  depart,  25  b. 

g]  Since  Yahwe   rules  over  all  nations,  who  shall  thwart  him  in  this  his 

purpose.'  26-27. 
h]     The  glory  of  Assyria  is  about  to  depart,  x  :  16-19. 
i]     The  remnant  of  Judah  which  shall  survive  in  that  day  shall  trust  in 

Yahwe;  yet  that  remnant  shall  be  small,  20-23. 
j]     Be  not  afraid,  O   Judah,  your  punishment  is  well-nigh  fulfilled;    then 

will  Assyria  perish  suddenly,  24-27. 
k]     Isaiah  pictures  the  advance  of  Sennacherib's  army  from  the  north 

toward  Jerusalem,  after  he  has  completed  his  vengeance  upon  the 

Phoenician  cities,  28-32. 
1]     Suddenly,  when  Jerusalem  seems  almost  within   his  grasp,  Yahwe's 

axe  shall  cut  him  down  with  his  mighty  host,  and  they  shall  fall 

with  the  crash  of  a  whole  Lebanon  of  cedars,  33-34. 
m]     In  that  day  shall  the  new  king  of  the  stock  of  Jesse  be  endowed 

with  Messianic  gifts.     The  Spirit  of  Yahwe  which  shall   rest  upon 

him  shall  clothe  him  with,  xi :  1-5, 
i]     Clearness  of  moral  and  intellectual  insight. 
2]     Wisdom  and  bravery. 

3]     Knowledge  of  and  reverence  for  Yahwe's  will, 
n]     All  creation  shall  be  in   harmony  with  his  reign  of  peace  and  right- 
eousness, 6-9. 

20.  The  Land  a  Desolation,  I:  5-31. 

[2-4  is  an  editorial  addition  of  uncertain  date ;   vs.  i  is  the  superscription 
the  compiler  of  i-xxxv  put  to  his  book.] 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  701. 

b]  Apostacy  from  Yahwe  and  social  rottenness  have  brought  punishment 

upon  Judah, —  the  land  has  been  desolated  by  the  Assyrians,  5-9. 

c]  Yahwe  demands  something  more  than   punctilious  observance  of  the 

ceremonial  law,  10-15. 

d]  Cease  to  do  evil:  learn  to  do  well,  16-17. 

e]  Pardon  assured  on  condition  of  amendment,  18-20. 


f]  But  there  is  no  hope  of  Judah's  amendment,  21-23. 

g]  Therefore   the  day  of  punishment  is  at  hand;    it  will  result  in  the 

destruction  of  evil-doers  and  the  survival  of  a  worthy  remnant 
only,  24-31. 

21.  The  City  Besieged,  XVII  :  12-14. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  701. 

b]  The  uproar  of  the  advancing  host,  12. 

c]  But  at  Yahvve's  rebuke  they  shall  flee  away,  13. 

d]  "At  eventide  behold  terror;  before  the  morning  they  are  not,"  14. 

22.  The  Anxiety  of  Ethiopia  at  the  Crisis,  XVIII. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  701. 

b]  The  king  of  Ethiopia,  alarmed  at  the  near  approach  of  the  Assyrian 

army,  is  sending  messengers  to  different  parts  of  his  empire  to 
mobilize  his  troops,  i-2a. 

c]  Isaiah,  as  it  were,  intercepts   them   and  gives  them   a  new  commis- 

sion, 2  b. 

d]  Ethiopia's  anxiety  is  needless ;    before  the  harvest-time  Yahwe  will 

interfere,  3-6. 

e]  Ethiopia,  in  gratitude,  will  bring  a  present  to  Vahwe,  to  Mt.  Zion,  7. 

23.  The  Siege  Raised,  XXII:  1-14. 

a]  The  historical  circumstances  and  date,  701. 

b]  The  preparations  which  had  been  made  for  the  siege, — 

i]  Solomon's  armory,  "  the  house  of  the  forest,"  had  been  in- 
spected, 8. 

2]     The  fortifications  had  been  repaired,  9-10. 

3]  The  suburban  waters  had  been  conducted  witliin  the  walls,  9- 
lia. 

c]  But  the  people  did  not  look  to  Yahwe   as  the  strength  of   all  their 

bulwarks  and  all  their  treaties,  lib. 

d]  During  the  siege  the  Assyrians  with   their  allies   (Isaiah    mentions 

Elam  and  Kir)  had  filled  "the  choicest  valleys  full  of  chariots," 
and  "  the  horsemen  were  in  array  at  the  gate,"  6-7. 

e]  Collapse  of  the  State  and  ignominious  flight  of  some  of  the  leaders 

of  the  Egyptian  party,  3. 

[It  was  at  this  juncture  that  Ilezekiah  sent  his  messenger  to 
Lachish  to  Sennacherib  to  yield  his  submission  :  "  I  have  offended ; 
return  from  me:  that  which  thou  puttest  on  me  will  I  bear,"  2  Kings 
xviii:  14,  C.  I.  i  :  2S0.]  ^ 

f]  The  people,  wild  with  joy  at  the  withdrawal  of  their  besiegers,  even 

though  it  may  be  only  temporary,  give  themselves  up  to  irreligious 
feastings  and  revellings  :  "Let  us  eat  and  drink,  for  tomorrow  we 
may  die,"  1-2,  12-13. 

g]  Isaiah,  indignant  at  their  continued  impenitence,  changes  his  assur- 

ances of  delivery  into  a  far-reaching  threat  :  "Surely  this  iniquity 
shall  not  be  purged  from  you  till  ye  die,  saith  the  Lord,  Yahwe  of 
hosts,"  14. 


24-     Sennacherib's  Campaign  in  the  West, —  the  Siege  of  Jerusalem,  XXXVI- 
XXXVII. 

A.  These  two  chapters,  inserted  from  2  Kings  xviii:  13-xix:  37,  give  two 

parallel   accounts  of    Sennacherib's  demand  for  the  surrender  of 

the  city, 
i]     xxxvi:   i-xxxvii:  9a,  37-38,  ending  with  Tirhakah's  approach  and 

Sennacherib's  departure  from  the  West. 
2]     xxxvii :  9^-36,  ending  with  the  pestilence. 

B.  The  relation  in  which  this  event  in  the  history  of  Judah  stands  to 

the  statements  of  .Sennacherib's  historical  annals  may  be  seen  from 
the  folio  wing, table : 


SENNACHERIB. 

In  Phoenicia.  "Great  Sidon,  Little 
Sidon,  Bit-zitti,  Sarepta,  Makhall- 
iba,  Ushu,  Ekdippa,  Akko,  his 
(King  Elulaeus  of  Sidon's)  power- 
ful cities,  fortresses,  pastures  and 
cisterns,  and  his  fortifications,  the 
power  of  the  arms  of  Asshur,  my 
lord,  overcame  and  cast  at  my 
feet,"  ii :  38-44*. 

Ashkelon  captured.     "  In  the  course 
of  my  campaign  Beth-Dagon,  Joppa, 
Beni-berak,  Azuru  ...  I  besieged, 
I  took,"  ii :  65-68. 
Ekron.     Panic   in    the    city.      The 
people,  anti- Assyrian  in  their  sym- 
pathies, had  deposed  their  prince, 
Padi,  and  had  delivered  him  into 
Hezekiah's  hands,  ii :  69-73. 

Near  Eltekeh.  Approach  of  the 
allies  from  Egypt.  "  In  reliance 
upon  Asshur,  my  lord,  I  fought 
with  them  and  accomplished  their 
defeat,"  ii:  7S-79. 
•  Eltekeh  and  Timnath  I  besieged,  I 
took,  and  carried  off  their  spoil,'' 
ii :  82-83. 

Ekron  punished.  "  Padi,  their  king, 
I  brought  forth  from  Jerusalem ; 
upon  the  throne  of  lordship  over 
them  I  placed  him,"  iii:  7-10. 


HEZEKIAH. 


"  His  cities,  which  I  had  plundered,  I 
cut  off  from  his  land  and  gave 
them  to  Mitinti,  king  of  Ashdod, 
to  Padi,  king  of  Ekron,  and  to  Tsil- 


Bal,  king  of  Gaza,"  iii 


-26. 


"  Hezekiah  of  Judah,  who  had  not 
submitted  to  my  yoke  :  forty-six  of 
his  strong  cities,  fortresses,  and  in- 
numerable small  towns  of  their 
environs  ...  I  besieged,  I  took," 
iii:  11-17. 


•These  references  are  to  Sennacherib's  Annals  preserved  on  the  so-called  "  Taylor  Prism, ■* 
a  translation  of  which  will  be  found  on  page  34  ;   see  also  C.  I.  i  :  2S4-286. 


At  Lachish.     "  Sennacherib,  the  kmg 

of  the  world,  the  king  of  Assyria, 

seats    himself    on    a    throne    and 

causes  the  spoil  of  the  city  Lachish 

to  pass  before  him,"  C.  I.  i  :  280. 
The  king  of  Assyria  "heard  say  con- 
cerning Tirhakah,  king  of  Ethiopia, 

He  is  come  out   to  fight   against 

thee,"  xxxvii :  9a. 
This  report,  however,  of  the  approach 

of  Tirhakah  himself  at  the  head  of 

an  Ethiopian  army  did  not  disturb 

him;    it  was  rather  the    rumor  of 

disturbances     in     Babylonia     that 

drew     him    homeward,"    cf.    The 

Babylonian  Chronicle,  Col.  iii :    3. 

"  So  Sennacherib,  king  of  Assyria, 

departed,  and  went  and    returned, 

and  dwelt  at  Nineveh,"  xxxvii:  37. 
According  to  the  other  account,  which 

differs    at    this   point,  he    and   his 

army  would  seem  to  have  crossed 

the  swampy  northeast  corner  of  the 

Egyptian   Delta    and    there    have 

been   so   sorely   smitten   with   the 

pestilence  that  with  his  weakened 

forces  he  dared  not  venture  a  meet- 
ing  with    Tirhakah.      This   would 

account  for  the  Hebrew  story  that 

"the  Angel  of  Yahwe  went  forth, 

and   smote    in    the    camp   of   the 

Assyrians  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
five  thousand  men,"  xxxvii :  36.* 

*The  Egyptian  story  caught  up  by  Herodotus  (ii :  141)  of  field-mice  is  only  a  mythological 
way  of  saying  that  the  god  Horus,  to  whom  the  field-mouse  is  sacred,  interfered  in  behalf  of  his 
people,  cf.  Josephus,  Antiq.  Jud.  X.  i.  4. 


Sennacherib  demands  the  surrender 
of  Jerusalem,  xxxvi:  i-xxxvii:  7 
and  xxxvii:  9^-35. 

"  Hezekiah  himself  the  fear  of  the 
splendor  of  my  lordship  over- 
whelmed him.  The  Urbi  and  his 
other  faithful  warriors  whom,  as  a 
defence  for  Jerusalem,  his  royal 
city,  he  had  brought  in,  fell  into 
fear,"  iii :  29-33. 

Hezekiah  sends  his  messenger  to 
Lachish  to  tender  his  submission : 
"  I  have  offended ;  return  from  me  : 
that  which  thou  puttest  on  me  will 
I  bear.  And  the  king  of  Assyria 
appointed  unto  Hezekiah,  king  of 
Judah,  three  hundred  talents  of 
silver  and  thirty  talents  of  gold,"  2 
Kings  xviii:  14-15. 

According  to  Sennacherib  :  "  With 
thirty  talents  of  gold,  eight  hundred 
talents  of  silver,  precious  stones, 
brilliant  daggassi{'>),  large  lapis 
lazuli,  couches  of  ivory,  thrones  of 
ivory,  ivory,  terebinth-wood,  oak- 
wood,  of  every  kind,  a  heavy  treas- 
ure, and  his  daughters,  his  women 
of  the  palace,  the  young  men  and 
young  women,  to  Nineveh,  the  city 
of  my  lordship,  I  caused  to  be 
brought  after  me,  and  he  sent  his 
ambassadors  to  give  tribute  and  to 
do  obeisance,"  iii:  34-41- 


\ 


E!  H<  <MT<T  JT  :=Tf  -I<  -ITi 


1^ 


••Stnn.idiL-iil.,  Illc-  kiiiK  (.(  Ilie  Morlil,  the  kins  of  • 
On  a  lluonu  seals  himself,  and 


litni-mmrilwrTTit  -      - 


C.     CONTEMPORARY  ASSYRIO-BABYLONIAN    RECORDS. 


I.     A  Table  of 

The  Kings  of  Assyria 

Asshurnazirpal,  885-860  B.  C. 

Shalmaneser  II,  860-824. 

Shamshi-Ramman  II,  824-811. 

Ramman-nirari  III,  811-782. 

Shalmaneser  III,  782-772. 

Asshur-dan  III,  772-754. 

Asshur-nirari,  754-745. 

Tiglath  Pileser  III  (Pul),  745-727. 


Shalmaneser  IV  (Ulula'a),  727-722. 
Sargon  II,  722-705. 

Sennacherib,  705-681. 


and  The  Kings  of  Babylon. 


Esarhaddon,  681-668. 
Asshurbanipal  (Sardanapalus,  Asnap- 

per,  Kandal),  668-625. 
Asshur-itil-ilani-ukin,  62  5- 
Bel-shum-ishkun, 
Fall  of  Nineveh,  606. 


Nabonassar,  747-7^3  B.  C. 

Nabu-nadin-zer,  733-721- 

Nabu-shum-ukin,  731. 

Ukin-zer,  731-729. 

Pul  (Poros,  Tiglath  Pileser  III),  729- 
727. 

Ulula'a  (Shalmaneser  IV),  727-722. 

Merodach  Baladan,  721-710. 

Sargon,  709-705. 

Sennacherib,  705-703. 

Marduk-zakir-shum,  703. 

Merodach  Baladan,  703. 

Bel-ibni,  702-700. 

Asshur-nadin-shum  (s.  of  Sennacherib), 
700-694. 

Nergal-ushezib  (Shuzub),  694-693. 

Mushezib-Marduk   (Shuzub),  692-689. 

Sennacherib,  689-681. 

Esarhaddon,  681-668. 

Shamash-shum-ukin  (b.  of  Asshur- 
banipal), 668-647. 

Kandal  (Asshurbanipal),  647-625. 

Nabopolassar,  625-604. 

Nebuchadrezzar,  604-561. 

Evil-Merodach,  561-559. 

Nergal-shareser,  559-556. 

Labasi-Marduk,  556-555. 

Nabonidos  (f.  of  Belshazzar),  555-538. 
Cyrus  captures  Babylon,  538. 


*The  cuneiform  inscriptions  referred  to,  and  the  translation  of  which  follows 
on  pages  30-36,  may  be  found  in  : 

Abel-Winckler,  Keilschrifttexte. 

Botta,  Monuments  de  Ninive. 

Delitzsch,  Assyrische  Lesestiicke. 

Layard,  Inscriptions  in  the  Cuneiform  Character. 

Lyon,  Keilschrifttexte  Sargons. 

Rawlinson,  Cuneiform  Inscriptions  of  Western  Asia. 

Rost,  Texte  Tiglath  Pilesers  III. 

Winckler,  Sargon  II. 


25 


II.     Points    of    Contact    in    the     History    of    Assyria-Babylonia    and 
Palestine. 
745.     Accession  of  Tiglath  Pileser  III. 
743.     Expedition  against  the  city  Arpad. 
742-740.     Azariah  of  Judah  an  ally  of  the  Hamathites  in  a  revolt  against 
Assyria ;  Azariah  pays  tribute. 
Rawlinson,  III,  9,  No.  2,  2-10;  Rost  10;  p.  30. 
Ravvlinson,  III,  9,  No.  3,  23-30;    Layard  65  and  50;  Rost  13; 
p.  30. 
740.     Arpad  taken. 
738.     Calno  taken. 

Menahem  of  Israel  and  Rezin  of  Syria  tribute-payers  to  Assyria. 
Rawlinson  III,  9,  No.  3,  50-57  ;  p  30. 
Rost  7. 
734-732.     Tiglath  Pileser  in  Syria-Palestine. 

Syria  devastated ;  Rezin  besieged  for  two  years  in  his  capital  city 
Damascus. 
Layard  72,  1-16;  p.  30. 
Rost  10,  II  and  13. 
Israel  devastated ;  Pekah  assassinated  and   Iloshea  placed  on  the 
vacant  throne. 
Rawlinson,  III,  10,  No.  2,  12-30;  Rost  15;  p.  31. 
Layard  66,  17-19;  p-  31. 
732.     The  vassals  of  Assyria  pay  tribute. 

The  Nimrud  Clay-Inscription  57-62;  p.  31. 
Rawlinson,  II,  67. 
Rost  24. 
729.     Tiglath  Pileser  ascends  the  throne  of  Babylon  under  the  name  of 

Pul  (  =  Poros  of  the  Canon  of  Ptolemy). 
727.     Death  of  Tiglath  Pileser. 


727-722.     Shalmaneser  IV  on  the  throne. 


722.     Accession  of  Sargon. 

The  conquest  of  the  city  Samaria,  under  siege  since  724. 
The  Great  Khorsabad  Inscription  23-25;  p.  32. 
Botta  145,  I  f. 
Winckler  30. 
Annals  10-17  ;  p.  33. 
Botta  79  and  70. 
Winckler  i. 
721.     The  defeat  of  Khumbanigash  of  Elam. 

The  Nimrud  Stone-Inscription  7-8;  p.  2^. 
Layard  33. 
Winckler  48. 


The  Great  Khorsabad  Inscription  23  f;  p.  32. 

Botta  145,  I  f. 

Winckler  30. 
The  overthrow  of  Merodach   Baladan   of  Babylon  ;    transportation 
of  Babylonian  inhabitants  to  Syria-Palestine,  C.  I.  i  :  268. 
720.     The  defeat  of  Jaubi'di  (Ilubi'di)  of  Hamath  in  the  battle  of  Karkar. 
The  Great  Khorsabad  Inscription  33-36;  p.  32. 

Botta  145,  2,  9  f. 

Winckler  31. 
Annals  23-24;  p.  ^^. 

Botta  70,  10  f. 

Winckler  i. 
The  Nimrud  Stone-Inscription  7-8;  p.  ^^. 

Layard  :^;i. 

Winckler  48. 
Inscription  on  a  Statue. 

Botta  180. 
The  defeat  of  Shabak  of  Egypt  in  the  battle  of   Raphia,  and  the 

capture  of  Hanno  of  Gaza. 
The  Great  Khorsabad  Inscription  25-32;  p.  32. 

Botta  145,  2. 

Winckler  31. 
Annals  26-31  ;  p.  33. 

Botta  71,  I  f. 

Winckler  2. 
The  Cylinder  Inscription  17-20;  p.  ;^2- 

Rawlinson,  I,  36. 

Lyon  3. 

Winckler  43. 
717.     Expedition  against  Carchemish,  C.  I.  2  :  7. 
715.     E.xpedition  against  ^ledia. 

Deportation  of  subjugated  peoples  of  Samaria. 
The  Cylinder  Inscription  17-20;  p.  2;^. 

Rawlinson,  I,  36. 

Lyon  3. 

Winckler  43. 
See  also  C.  I.  i  :  269. 
711.     The  campaign  against  Azuri  of  .'\shdod  and   the   conquest  of  that 
city ;  Egypt  sues  for  peace. 
The  Great  Khorsabad  Inscription  90-112  ;  p.  32. 

Botta  149,  6  f.,  150,  151. 

Winckler  33  and  34. 

Abel- Winckler  16. 
A  Prism-Fragment,  p.  34. 

Winckler  45. 

»7 


The  Annals  of  Hall  XIV,  p.  34. 

Winckler  26  and  27. 

Botta  159a  and  i6ob. 
710.     War  with  Merodach  Baladan,  and  his  dethronement. 
705.     Death  of  Sargon. 


705.     Accession  of  Sennacherib. 

704.     Expedition  to  Babylon,  C.  I.  2  :  31. 

703.     Bel-ibni  appointed  to  the  throne  of  Babylon,  C.  I.  2  :  32. 

701.     Sennacherib's  campaign  in  the  West. 

The  Taylor  Prism  ii :  34-iii :  29  ;  pp.  34-36. 
Rawlinson,  I,  38-39. 
Abel-Winckler  18. 
Delitzsch  114. 
In  Phoenicia,  ii:  35-57  ;  p.  34.     Also   the  Constantinople  or  Nabi- 

Junus  Inscription,  Rawlinson,  I,  43,  15;  p.  36. 
Ashkelon  captured,  ii :  58-68  ;  pp.  34  and  35. 
Panic  in  Ekron  at  Sennacherib's  approach,  ii :  69-76;  p.  35. 
The  battle  near  Eltekeh,  ii :  76-82;  p.  35. 
Capture  of  Eltekeh  and  Timnath,  ii :  82-83;  p.  35. 
Ekron  punished,  iii :  i-i  i  ;  p.  35. 
In  the  meantime  the  territory  of  Judah  has  been  desolated,  iii:  11- 

20;  p.  35. 
The  captured  cities  of  Judah  divided  among  the  neighboring  sub- 
ject princes,  iii:  23-26;  p.  35. 
Jerusalem  besieged  and  its  surrender  demanded,  iii :  20-22  ;  p.  35. 
Hezekiah  tenders  his  submission  at  Lachish. 

The  Lachish  Bas-relief.      A  reproduction*  of  the  bas-relief  and 
the  text  with  transliteration  and  translation  are  given  on  the 
inserted  page  opposite  p.  24;  also  Rawlinson,  I,  7,  I,  p.  36. 
The  Taylor  Prism  iii:  29-41, —  the   enumeration  of  Hezekiah 's 
tribute, —  is  reproduced  on  opposite  page. 
Sennacherib   called   home  by  disturbances   in   Babylonia,  C.  I.  i  : 
310. 
700.     The  subjugation  of  Babylon;    Bel-ibni  deposed  and  Sennacherib's 
son,  Asshur-nadin-slium,  placed  on  the  throne. 
The  Babylonian  Chronicle,  ii:  26-31  ;  p.  36. 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  xix,  part  4. 
681.     The  assassination  of  Sennacherib. 

The  Babylonian  Chronicle  iii:  28-38. 


•  From  Ragozin's  "Assyria."    {Kindness  o/G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

28 


hezekiah's  tribute. 


29 


III.     Tiglath  Pileser  III. 

Rawlinson,  III,  9,  No.  2. 

2  [In]    the  course  of   my   campaign  [I  received]    the    tribute   of  the   kings 

3  .  .  .  .   [Azar]iah  the  Judean,  as  well  as  ...  4  ...  .  Azariah  of 

Judah  in 5  .  .  .  .  without  number  to  heaven 6  .  .  .  .  with 

eyes,  just  as  if  from  heaven 7.  .  .  assault  of  the  light-armed  soldiers(.'') 

8  ....  Of  the  advance  of  my  powerful  troops  they  heard  and  they 

were  afraid 9  .  .   .  [their  cities]  I  laid  waste,  I  destroyed,  [I  burned 

with  fire] 10    ...    .    revolted  to  Azariah  and  strengthened  him 


Rawlinson,  III,  9,  No.  3,  23-30,  50-57. 

Azariah 24Tribute  such  as  is  usual  with  [Assyria  I  laid  upon 

them]  25 26  .  .  The  city  Usnu,  the  city  Siannu,  the  city  Tsimirra,  the 

city  Ka  .  .  which  are  on  the  shore  of  the  sea,  as  far  as  Mt.  Sau,  27a  peak  in 
the  Lebanon  range,  and  which  surround  Baal-zephon  as  far  as  the  Amanus 
range,  the  mountains  of  the  oak-wood,  the  land  of  Sau  in  its  full  extent, 
the  territory  of  the  city  Kar-Hadad,  etc.,  30  .  .  .  Nineteen  districts  3 'of  the  city 
Hamath  together  with  the  cities  of  their  environs  bordering  on  the  sea  of  the 
setting  sun  (/.  e.,  Mediterranean),  which  in  their  faithlessness  had  revolted  unto 
Azariah,  32  unto  the  territory  of  Assyria  I  restored.  My  generals  as  satraps 
over  them  I  appointed. 

SoTribute  of  Kushtashpi  of  Kummuch,  Rezin  of  Damascus,  Menahem  of 
Samaria,  siHirom  of  Tyre,  Sibittibi'il  of  Byblos,  Urik  of  Que,  Pisiris  of  Carche- 
mish,  Enilu  S2of  Hamath,  Panammu  of  Sam'al,  Tarkhular  of  Gamgum,  Sulu- 
mal  of  Melid,  Dadilu  53of  Kaska,  Uassurme  of  Tabal,  Ushkhitti  of  Tun, 
Uraballa  of  Tukhan,  Tukhammi  of  Ishtund,  54  Urimmi  of  Khushimna,  Zabibi 
the  queen  of  Arabia  :  gold,  silver,  lead,  iron,  elephants'  skin,  ivory,  S5  parti- 
colored garments,  linen,  violet-blue,  purj^le,  terebinth-wood,  oak-wood,  every- 
thing costly,  a  royal  treasure,  large  sheep  whose  fleece  s^were  dyed  red-purple, 
feathered  birds  of  the  heaven  whose  wings  were  dyed  violet-purple,  horses, 
mules,  oxen,  sheep,  camels,  57she-camels  with  their  young,  I  received. 

Layard,  72. 

»  ....  his  {«'.  c,  Rezin's)  warriors  I  captured I  overthrew  with 

my  weapons  2 before  him  3the  charioteers  and 

their  weapons  I  broke  in  pieces  4  .  .  .  .  their  horses  I  seized  .... 

his  warriors  bearing  bows  ....  shearing  shields  and  .spears,  with  my  hand  I 

cast  down  and  their  battle-array  6 As  for  himself,  to  save  his  life, 

he  fled  away  alone  and  7 like  a  gazelle  his  city  gate  he  entered.     His  " 

nobles  aUve  Swith  my  hand  I  seized  ;  on  stakes  I  hung  them  up.  I  subjugated 
his  land.  Forty-five  soldiers  of  the  camp  .  .  9[The  gate]  of  his  city  I  closed 
and  like  a  bird  encaged  I  shut  him  in.     His  parks  10 reed-plants 


innumerable  I  cut  down,  a  single  one  I  did  not  leave  "  .  .  .  .  Khadara,  the 
house  of  the  father  Rezin  of  Damascus,  12  [the  place  where]  he  was  bom,  I 
besieged,  I  took.  Eight  hundred  men  together  with  their  goods,  13  ...  . 
their  oxen,  their  sheep,  I  carried  off.  Seven  hundred  and  fifty  captives  of  the 
city  Kurutstsa,  14  .  .  captives  of  the  city  Irma,  five  hundred  and  fifty  captives 

of  the  city  Mituna  I  carried  off.    Five  hundred  and  ninety-one  cities,  15 

of  sixteen  districts  of  Damascus  like  a  deluge  I  devastated  .  .  16  .  .  Samsi, 
the  queen  of  Arabia,  who  the  oath  of  Shamash  had  not  kept,  etc. 


Rawlinson,  III,  10,  No.  2. 

" the  city  Khatarikka  as  far  as  Mt.  Sau,  13 the 

cities  Byblos,  Tsimirra,  Arqa,  Zimarra,  M the  cities  Usnu,  Siannu, 

Ri'raba,  Ri'sitsu,  15 cities  on  the  shore  of  the  upper  sea  I  mastered. 

SLx  of  my  generals  i6as  satraps  over  them  I  appointed.     The  city  Rashpuna 

on  the  shore  of  the  upper  sea  17 the  city  Gal'  ...  the  city  Abi- 

laqqa,  which  are  at  the  entrance  of  the  land  of  Beth-Omri  {/.  e.,  Israel)  >8[the 
land  of  Naphtajli  the  widespread,  throughout  its  extent  unto  the  territory  of 
Assyria  I  annexed.  igMy  generals  as  satraps  over  them  I  appointed.  Hanno 
of  Gaza,  zowho  had  fled  before  my  arms,  escaped  to  Egypt.     Gaza  2i[I  took; 

his  goods,]  his  treasures,  his  gods,  [I  carried  off] My  royal  statue 

^^ in  the  midst  of  the  palace  [of  Hanno  I  set  up],  etc.  26 

The  land  of  Beth-Omri  27 all  of  its  inhabitants,  28their  goods,  to 

Assyria  I  deported.  Pekah  their  king  they  slew.  Hoshea  29unto  the  lordship 
over  them  I  appointed.  Ten  talents  of  gold,  one  thousand  talents  of  silver, 
[their  heavy  treasure(.?)]  I  received  from  them.  3o[To  Assyria  I  de]ported 
them.     Samsi,  the  queen  of  Arabia,  who,  etc. 


La  YARD,  66. 

'7[The  land  of  Beth-Omri],  all  of  whose  territory  I  had  subjected  in  my 
former  campaign  and  whose  cities  I  had  annexed  [to  the  territory  of  Assyria], 

'3 whose  .  .  I  carried  off.     Samaria  they  left  alone  and  their  king 

i9[they  slew]. 

The  Nimrud  Clay-Inscription,  57-63. 

Tribute  of  Kushtashpi  of  Kummukh,  Urik  of  Que,  Sibittibi'il  of  Byblos, 
Enilu  of  Hamath,  Panammu  of  Sam'al,  Tarkhular  of  Gamgum,  Sulumal  of 
Melid,  ....    Uassumie  of   Tabal,  Ushkhitti  of   Tun,  Urballa  of   Tukhan, 

Tukhammi  of  Ishtund, 60  [Ma]tanbi'il   the   Arvadite,  Sanipu  the 

Beth-Ammonite,  Salmanu  the  Moabite  ....  Mitinti  of  Ashkelon,  Jehoahaz 

of  Judah,  Qaushmalak  of  Edom,  Mus Hanno  of  Gaza  :    gold,  silver, 

lead,  iron,  tin(?),  parti-colored  garments,  linen,  the  red-purple  clothing  of  their 

country, the  product  of  sea  and  of  land,  the  spoil  of  their  country,  a 

royal  treasure,  horses,  mules,  the  team  of  a  yoke [I  received]. 


IV.     Sargon  II. 

The  Great  Khorsabad  Inscription,  23-36,  90-112. 

From  the  beginning  of  my  kingship  until  the  fifteenth  year  of  my  reign  I 
accomplished  the  defeat  of  Khumbanigash,  the  king  of  Elam,  in  the  suburb  of 
Dur-ilu. 

Samaria  I  besieged,  I  took.  Twenty-seven  thousand,  two  hundred  and 
ninety  of  the  people  dwelling  within  it  I  carried  off.  Fifty  chariots  in  their 
midst  I  collected,  and  the  rest  I  allowed  to  keep  their  possessions.  My  satraps 
over  them  I  appointed;   the  tribute  of  the  former  king  25!  laid  upon  them. 

Hanno,  the  king  of  Gaza,  with  Shabak,  the  tartan  of  Egypt,  had  come  out 
against  me  to  the  city  Raphia  to  fight  and  join  battle.  Their  defeat  I  accom- 
plished. Shabak  was  afraid  of  the  onset  of  my  weapons  and  fled  and  no  trace 
of  him  was  seen.  Hanno,  the  king  of  Gaza,  with  my  hand  I  seized.  The 
tribute  of  Pharaoh,  the  king  of  Egypt,  Samsi,  the  queen  of  Arabia,  It'amara 
the  Sabasan,  gold,  the  products  of  the  mountains,  horses,  camels,  I  received. 

ssjaubi'di  (also  called  Ilubi'di)  the  Hamathite,  a man,  not  an  heir 

of  the  throne,  a  wicked  Hittite,  set  his  heart  on  the  royalty  of  Hamath,  and 
incited  Arpad,  Tsimirra,  Damascus  and  Samaria  to  revolt  from  me.  He 
confederated  them  and  marshalled  them  to  the  battle.  The  mighty  host  of 
the  god  Asshur  I  summoned.  I  besieged  him  together  with  his  troops  within 
his  favorite  city  Karkar.  35I  took  it,  and  I  burned  Karkar  with  fire.  As  for 
himself,  I  flayed  him  ;  I  put  to  death  the  rebels  in  those  cities,  and  I  established 
peace.  Two  hundred  chariots,  six  hundred  horsemen  among  the  inhabitants 
of  Hamath  I  collected  and  added  to  my  royal  army. 

goAzuri,  the  king  of  Ashdod,  had  plotted  in  his  heart  not  to  render  tribute 
and  had  sent  unto  the  kings  of  his  neighborhood  who  were  hostile  to  Assyria. 
Because  of  the  wrong  he  had  done,  his  lordship  over  the  people  of  his  neighbor- 
hood I  had  changed.  Akhimit,  his  uterine  brother,  unto  the  lordship  over 
them  I  had  appointed.  9sThe  Hittites,  plotting  revolt,  resisted  his  rule  and 
enthroned  over  themselves  Jaman,  not  an  heir  of  the  throne,  who  like  them- 
selves the  fear  of  my  lordship  did  not  know.  In  the  rage  of  my  heart  all  of 
my  troops  I  did  not  collect,  I  did  not  gather  together  my  camp.  With  my 
warriors  who  do  not  leave  'oomy  side  against  Ashdod  I  marched.  And  he, 
Jaman,  heard  of  the  advance  of  my  expedition  from  afar  and  fled  unto  the 
border  of  Egypt  by  the  side  of  Melukhkhi*;  not  a  trace  of  him  was  seen. 
Ashdod,  Gath,  Ashdudim  105!  besieged,  I  took.  His  gods,  his  wife,  his  sons, 
his  daughters,  property,  goods,  the  treasures  of  his  palace,  together  with  the 
people  of  his  land,  I  counted  as  booty.  Those  cities  I  settled  anew.  The 
people  of  the  lands  captured  by  my  hand  which  are  in  ....  of  the  rising  of 
the  sun,  I  caused  to  dwell  therein.  [My  satrap  I  appointed  over  them  and] 
with  the  people  of  Assyria  I  counted  them  and  they  bear  my  yoke. 

The  king  of  Melukhkhi,  •  «owho  in  ....  an  unapproachable  place,  a  way  of 


*Tlie  "salt"  desert  between  the  frontier  of  Egypt  and  the  southern  border  of  Palestine. 

32 


.  .  .  ., —  whose  fathers  from  distant  days  the  oath  of  Nannaru  his  forefather 
[had  violated],  to  the  kings  my  fathers  had  not  sent  their  envoys  to  ask  for 
peace, —  heard  from  afar  of  the  might  of  Asshur,  Nebo,  Merodach.  The  fear 
of  the  splendor  of  my  lordship  overpowered  him,  and  terror  overwhelmed  him. 
Into  chains,  bonds,  fetters  of  iron  he  cast  him  (/.  e.,  Jaman)  and  to  the  midst 
of  Assyria,  a  way  of  ...  .  into  my  presence  they  brought  him. 

Inscription  on  a  Statue. 
Jaubi'di,  his  skin  I  drew  off. 

The  Nimrud  Stone  Inscription,  7-8. 

The  exalted  prince,  who  fought  in  the  suburb  of  Dur-iUi  with  Khumbanigash, 
the  king  of  Elam,  and  accomplished  his  defeat, —  the  subjector  of  the  land  of 
Judah,  whose  location  is  remote,  the  depopulator  of  Hamath,  he  whose  hands 
captured  their  king  Jaubi'di. 

The  Annals,  10-17,  23-31. 

At  the  beginning  of  my  kingship,  in  the  first  year  of  my  reign,  n 

Samaria  I  besieged,  I  took  (two  lines  lost).  'sTwenty-seven  thousand,  two  hun- 
dred and  ninety  of  the  people  dwelling  within  it  I  carried  off.     Fifty  chariots, 

as  my  royal  force,  in  their  midst  I  collected The  people 

of  the  lands,  captured  by  my  hands,  in  its  {i.  e.,  Samaria's)  midst  17I  settled. 
My  general  I  appointed  over  them  as  satrap ;  and  tribute,  a  gift  such  as  is  usual 
with  Assyria,  I  laid  upon  them. 

23ln  the  second  year  of  my  reign  Ilubi'di  (called  Jaubi'di  in  the  Khorsabad 

Inscription) 24 assembled  his  numerous  troops  at  Karkar. 

The  oath 25 Arpad,  Tsimirra,  Damascus,  the  people  of 

Samaria  [he  incited  to  revolt  from  me]  (some  thirty  or  more  signs  have  been 
lost  here).  Shabak  called  his  tartan  to  his  aid.  To  fight  28and  join  battle 
he  came  out  against  me.  In  the  name  of  Asshur,  my  lord,  his  defeat  I  accom- 
plished. Shabak,  like  a  shepherd  robbed  of  his  sheep,  fled  away  alone  and 
made  his  escape.  3oHanno  with  my  hand  I  seized  and  led  him  bound  to  my 
city  Asshur.  Raphia  I  laid  waste,  I  destroyed,  I  burned  with  fire.  Nine 
thousand  and  thirty-three  men  together  with  their  treasure  I  carried  off. 

The  Cylinder  Inscription,  17-20. 

The  exalted  prince,  who  fought  in  the  suburb  of  Dur-ilu,  etc igthe 

overthrow  of  the  widespread  land  of  Beth-Omri  (i.  e.,  Israel),  who  at  Raphia 
accomplished  the  overthrow  of  Egypt  and  carried  off  Uanno,  the  king  of  Gaza, 
his  prisoner  to  Assyria.  The  capturer  of  the  people  of  Tamud,  Ibadid,  Mar- 
siman,  Khajap,  the  remainder  of  whom  he  deported  and  settled  in  the  land  of 
Beth-Omri. 


A  Prism  Fragment. 

iln  the  ninth  year  of  my  reign  2 Azuri,  3the  king  of  Ash- 

dod  .  .  .  4in  order  to sfrom 6Akhimit 

7  his  uterine  brother,  unto  the  lordship  over  them  81  had  appointed    .... 

9  Tribute  and  presents,  lothe  same  as  of  the  former  kings,  "I  laid  upon  him. 

....   i2The  wicked  in  ...  .   i3not  to  render  tribute  ....   ^plotted 

isthey  raised  to  the  throne  ....   (l^hree  lines  lost)  'SJaman,  a  soldier 

i9unto  the  lordship  over  them  [on  the  throne]  zoof  their  king  they  placed. 

29  ...  of  Philistia,  Judah,  Edom  and  Moab,  dwelling  by  the  sea,  bringing 
tribute  and  presents  to  Asshur,  my  lord,  who  plotted  revolt  and  treason,  who 
to  incite  him  against  me  unto  Pharaoh,  king  of  Egypt,  a  prince  who  could  not 
save  them,  35their  presents  carried  and  besought  his  alliance, —  I,  Sargon,  the 
legitimate  prince,  the  reverer  of  the  oath  of  Nebo  and  Merodach,  the  pro- 
tector of  the  name  of  Asshur,  [crossed(.'')]  the  Tigris  and  the  Euphrates  39at 
their  flood,  and  marshalled  the  kernel(.'*)  of  my  troops  with  lightning  rapidity. 

The  Annals  of  Hall  XIV. 
iijaman  of  Ashdod  was  afraid  of  my  weapons.  His  wife,  his  sons,  his 
daughters,  i2he  deserted  and  fled  unto  the  border  of  Egypt  by  the  side  of 
Melukhkhi  and  like  a  sharraku  dwelt  there.  Over  all  of  his  widespread  land 
and  subject  peoples  my  general  13I  appointed  as  satrap  and  extended  the  rule 
of  Asshur,  the  king  of  the  gods.  i4The  king  of  Melukhkhi  the  splendor  of 
Asshur  overpowered,  and  he  cast  him  hand  and  foot  into  fetters  of  iron  and  to 
the  midst  of  Assyria  into  my  presence  he  sent  him. 


V.     Sennacherib. 

The  Taylor  Prism,  ii:  34-iii:  41. 

In  my  third  campaign  I  marched  to  the  land  of  the  Hittites.*  35EIulaeus, 
the  king  of  Sidon,  him  the  fear  of  the  splendor  of  my  lordship  had  over- 
whelmed, and  he  had  fled  to  a  distance  in  the  midst  of  the  sea  and  there  took 
up  his  abode.  Great  Sidon,  Little  Sidon,  Bit-Zitti,  Sarepta,  Makhalliba, 
4oUshu,  Ekdippa,  Akko,  his  powerful  cities,  fortresses,  pastures  and  cisterns, 
and  his  fortifications,  the  power  of  the  arms  of  Asshur,  my  lord,  overcame  and 
cast  at  my  feet.  Ethobal  upon  the  royal  throne  4sl  placed  over  them;  and 
the  payment  of  the  tribute  of  my  lordship  every  year  without  change  I  laid 
upon  him.  Menahem  of  Samsimuruna,  Ethobal  of  Sidon,  Abdili'ti  of  Arvad, 
SoUrumilki  of  Byblos,  Mitinti  of  Ashdod,  Buduilu  of  Beth-Ammon,  Kammusu- 
nadab  of  Moab,  Malik-rammu  of  Edom  —  ssall  the  kings  of  the  West-land  — 
brought  rich  presents,  heavy  gifts  together  with  merchandise,  before  me  and 
kissed  my  feet. 

Tsidqa  (Zedek),  the  king  of  Ashkelon,  who  had  not  submitted  to  my  yoke  : 
the  gods  of  the  house  of  his  fathers,  himself,  6ohis  wife,  his  sons,  his  daughters. 


*At  this  time  "  the  land  of  the  Hittites  "  was  used  generically,  signifying  Syria  in  general. 

34 


his  brothers,  the  seed  of  the  house  of  his  fathers,  I  brought  out,  and  I  car- 
ried them  off  to  Assyria.  Sharru-ludari,  the  son  of  Rukibti,  their  former 
king,  I  placed  over  the  people  of  Ashkelon ;  and  the  payment  of  the  tribute, 
a  present  to  my  lordship,  I  imposed  upon  him  and  he  bears  my  yoke.  (>sln 
the  course  of  my  campaign  Beth-Dagon,  Joppa,  Beni-berak,  Azuru, —  the 
cities  of  Tsidqa  which  had  not  submitted  to  me  promptly, —  I  besieged,  I 
took,  I  carried  off  their  spoil. 

The  governors,  the  princes  and  the  people  of  Ekron,  yowho  Padi,  their  king 
by  Assyrian  right  and  oath,  had  cast  into  chains  of  iron  and  in  a  hostile  man- 
ner had  delivered  him  to  Ilezekiah  of  Judah  —  he  shut  him  up  in  prison  — 
feared  in  their  hearts.  The  kings  of  Egypt  summoned  the  bowmen,  the 
chariots,  the  horses  of  the  king  of  Melukhkhi,  75a  force  without  number,  and 
came  to  their  aid.  In  front  of  the  city  Eltekeh  they  drew  up  before  me  their 
battle-array,  appealing  to  their  weapons.  In  reliance  upon  Asshur,  my 
lord,  I  fought  with  them  and  accomplished  their  defeat.  So'fhe  chief  of 
the  chariots  and  the  sons  of  the  king  of  Egypt  together  with  the  chief  of  the 
chariots  of  the  king  of  Melukhkhi  my  hands  captured  alive  in  the  battle. 
Eltekeh  (and)  Timnath  I  besieged,  I  took,  I  carried  off  their  spoil. 

iii:  "I  drew  near  to  Ekron.  The  governors  (and)  princes,  who  had  com- 
mitted sin,  I  put  to  death  ;  on  stakes  around  the  city  I  hung  their  dead 
bodies.  The  inhabitants  of  the  city  who  had  committed  sin  and  evil  deeds  si 
counted  as  spoil ;  to  the  rest  of  them  who  had  not  committed  sin  and  wrong, 
who  were  guiltless,  I  proclaimed  amnesty.  Padi  their  king  I  brought  forth 
from  Jerusalem ;  upon  the  throne  of  lordship  over  them  lol  placed  him.  The 
tribute  of  my  lordship  I  laid  upon  him. 

But  Hezekiah  of  Judah,  who  had  not  submitted  to  my  yoke:  forty-six  of 
his  strong  cities,  fortresses,  and  innumerable  small  towns  of  their  environs, 
isby  laying  low  the  ramparts  and  by  an  attack  of  my  battering-rams(?),  by 
an  assault  of  the  light-armed  soldiers(?),  by  breaches,  by  slaughter  and  by 
axes,  I  besieged,  I  took.  Two  hundred  thousand,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
men,  young,  old,  male  and  female,  horses,  mules,  asses,  camels,  oxen,  and 
innumerable  sheep,  from  their  midst  I  brought  forth  and  accounted  as 
spoil.  As  for  himself,  like  a  caged  bird  within  Jerusalem,  his  royal  city,  I 
shut  him  up.  The  towers  against  him  I  fortified,  and  whosoever  came  forth 
from  the  gates  of  his  city  I  turned  back.  His  cities  which  I  had  plundered,  I 
cut  off  from  his  land,  and  to  Mitinti,  king  of  Ashdod,  zsto  Padi,  king  of 
Ekron,  and  to  Tsil-Bal,  king  of  Gaza,  I  gave  them,  and  I  reduced  the  size 
of  his  land.  In  addition  to  the  former  tribute,  the  yield  of  their  land,  the 
tribute  due  to  my  lordship  I  added  and  laid  upon  them.  As  for  Hezekiah 
himself,  3othe  fear  of  the  splendor  of  my  lordship  overwhelmed  him.  The 
Urbi  and  his  other  faithful  warriors  whom,  as  a  defence  for  Jerusalem,  his 
royal  city,  he  had  brought  in,  allowed  fear  to  overcome  them.  With  thirty 
talents  of  gold,  eight  hundred  talents  of  silver,  I  [or  he]  caused  precious 
stones,  ssbrilliant  daggassi  (.'),  large  lapis  lazuli,  couches  of  ivory,  thrones  of 
ivory,  ivory,  terebinth-wood,  oak-wood,  of  every  kind,  a  heavy  treasure,  and  his 


35 


daughters,  his  women  of  the  palace,  the  young  men  and  young  women,  to 
Nineveh,  the  city  of  my  lordship,  4oto  be  brought  after  me.  He  sent  his 
ambassadors  to  give  tribute  and  to  do  obeisance. 

The  Constantinople  or  Nabi-Junus  Inscription,  13-15. 

Elulaeus,  the  king  of  Sidon,  I  removed  from  his  kingship.  On  his  throne  I 
placed  Ethobal,  and  the  tribute  of  my  lordship  I  laid  upon  him.  The  wide- 
spread territory  of  Judah,  whose  king  is  Hezekiah,  I  made  subject. 

The  Lachish  Bas-Relief  Inscription. 

Sennacherib,  the  king  of  the  world,  the  king  of  Assyria,  seats  himself  on 
a  throne  and  causes  the  spoil  of  the  city  Lachish  to  pass  before  him. 

The  Babylonian  Chronicle,  ii:  26-31;  iii :  28-38. 

ii :  26  In  the  third  year  of  Bel-ibni,  Sennacherib  descended  to  Akkad  and 
carried  off  the  spoil  of  Akkad.  Bel-ibni  and  his  nobles  were  deported  to 
Assyria.  For  three  years  Bel-ibni  had  ruled  over  Babylon.  Sennacherib 
seated  his  son,  Asshur-nadin-shum  on  the  throne  of  Babylon. 

iii:  2SIn  the  eighth  year  (/.  e.,  for  eight  years)  there  was  no  king  in  Babylon ; 
.  .  .  On  the  twentieth  day  of  Tebet,  Sennacherib,  the  king  of  Assyria,  was 
assassinated  by  his  son  in  an  insurrection.  For  [twenty-three]  years  Sen- 
nacherib had  ruled  over  Assyria.  From  the  twentieth  day  of  Tebet  until  the 
second  day  of  Adar  the  insurrection  in  Assyria  continued.  On  the  eighteenth 
day  of  Adar,  Esarhaddon,  his  son,  ascended  4e- the  throne  of  Assyria. 


JEWISH   CAPTIVES. 


36 


I      Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
'         PAT.  JAM.  21,  1908 


